Кримінально-правова охорона свободи особи: проблеми та шляхи вирішення

Abstract

Стаття присвячена розгляду проблем кримінально-правової охорони свободи особи. Проаналізовані деякі спірні питання ст. 146 та 147 Кримінального кодексу України, запропоновані шляхи їх вирішення через внесення змін до чинного законодавства. Крім того, доведено, що питання кримінально-правої кваліфікації діянь, що посягають на свободу особи, є дуже актуальними, а тому потребують невідкладного законодавчого вдосконалення та належного судового роз’яснення правозастосовної практики. The article is dedicated to the consideration of the problems of criminal and legal protection of a person’s freedom. Some controversial issues of the articles 146 and 147 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are analyzed, the ways of their solving by amending existing legislation are proposed. It is mentioned that it is a fixed idea that freedom is a subjective opportunity to carry out or not to carry out certain actions based on constitutional rights and freedoms, while liberty is the ability to choose the purpose of the activity and mobilize the efforts necessary for its achievement. These concepts are different in their meaning, although according to Art. 8 of the Constitution of Ukraine all the laws of our state must comply with it and be adopted on its basis. The suggestions on contradictions eliminating in the application of law are substantiated. A legislative decision is required that would normatively establish the grounds for distinguishing these encroachments: taking the seizure of hostages into crimes with another generic object; making changes to Article 146 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine by dividing it into two articles (with differentiation of the method of committing a crime). The reason for the implementation of the first suggestion is that the main essen tial feature of the seizure of hostages is not the mere deprivation of the victim's freedom, but prompting of third parties to do or not to do one or another action as a condition of his release. The second suggestion is predetermined with the desire to return to the logics of formulation of general and special criminal and legal norms, which for some reason were left by domestic legislator, criminalizing the illegal deprivation of liberty, kidnapping and seizure of hostages. Particular attention is paid to the issue of criminal and legal assessment of violence in case of encroaching upon person's freedom. Part 2 of Article 146 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine provides qualifying circumstances of committing this crime – by “a way that is dangerous to the victim's life or health”, “accompanied by causing him physical suffering” and “for a long time”. In addition, it has been proved that the issues of criminal and legal qualification of offenses perpetrating a person's liberty are highly relevant and, therefore, require urgent legislative improvement and proper judicial clarification of law enforcement practice. will, freedom, illegal deprivation of liberty, kidnapping, seizure of hostages.