Значення методики реконструкції обличчя за черепом для кримінально-процесуальної науки

Abstract

У статті зазначено, що нині антропологічна реконструкція надзвичайно популярна у всьому світі. Послідовники всіх напрямків активно працюють як у співпраці з істориками і археологами, так і з криміналістами та судово медичними експертами. Оцінюючи ефективність використання методу реконструкції особи за черепом, слід зазначити, що вона багато в чому залежить від низки обставин, що лежать за рамками експертної роботи, і пов’язана як з особливостями життя зниклих людей, так і з ефективністю роботи правоохоронних органів, що забезпечують облік та пошук зниклих осіб. Однак необхідно констатувати той факт, що сьогодні використання реконструкції дозволяє обмежити кількість об’єктів впізнання в більшості випадків одним або двома, а результати реконструкції особи за черепом використовуються не тільки на етапі відбору кандидатів, а й у ході ідентифікації особи в рамках експертизи. Since M. Gerasimova times methods of the skull reconstruction have practically not changed as the article states. Firstly, the anthropologist handles the skull itself - if necessary, its physical damages are eliminated. Then the skull is circled, measured in detail and described, also the cast is made out of it, if the skull is rare. Then the gender and age of the reconstruction object are determined. Significant influence on the development of this reconstruction type was created by the American school. The technology and methodology of the American school relies on the severe cranial measurements, the depth of soft tissues, rather than the mimic-anatomical presentation. Through the soft tissue database, created in the ХХth century, this methodology of reconstruction was used to determine race, age, gender and for the reconstruction of skeletal materials. The first American major reconstructions were conducted by Anthropologist W. Crogman in 1946 in collaboration with sculptors Mc. Cue. His technique was in following: by choosing a corpse whose face he photographed before the reconstruction process, U. Krogman then gave the human skull to sculptors, who, using a soft tissue database, restored the appearance of the deceased. As a result, the sculptural reconstruction had a striking resemblance to the photography. In modern Ukraine, the method has not received much popularity either in criminology, nor in historical research. Only one specialist, involved in the development of this problem is S.A. Gorbenko was born on April 15, 1965, in the Vysokiy village, Kharkiv region. In 1992 he was trained in anthropological and plastic reconstruction at the Laboratory of Anthropological Plastic Reconstruction of the Ethnography and Anthropology Institute of the RAS (Moscow), after Miklukho Maclay under the direction of the head of Laboratory G. Lebedinskaya. In 1994 - had an internship in Goettingen to get acquainted with the work of the Institute and the Museum of Anthropology at the Goettingen University after Georg-August. At present, anthropological reconstruction is extremely popular all over the world. Followers of all directions actively work in cooperation with historians and archaeologists, as well as with criminologists and forensic experts. Evaluating the effectiveness of using the reconstruction method of the person`s skull, it should be noted that it largely depends on a number of circumstances beyond the scope of expert work, and is associated with both the peculiarities of missing people’s life and the effectiveness of the work of law enforcement agencies that provide accounting and search for missing persons. However, it should be noted the fact that the use of reconstruction now allows to limit the number of objects that are recognized in most cases by one or two, and the results of reconstruction of the person`s skull are used not only at the stage of candidates selection, but also during identification of the person within the expertise .