Особливості правового статусу іноземців у міжнародному публічному праві

Abstract

У статті з’ясовано зміст дефініції «іноземний громадянин» у широкому та вузькому значенні, розмежовано категорії «іноземець» та «негромадянин» з метою чіткого міжнародно-правового регулювання прав негромадян. Враховуючи загальну характеристику іноземних громадян у міжнародному праві, приділено увагу системі джерел, які встановлюють правовий статус іноземних громадян. Проаналізовано правові режими, залежно від яких різниться й обсяг наданих на території іншої держави прав та обов’язків.

While studying the legal status of foreigners in public international law the legal meaning of the definition of "foreign citizen" was clarified, as it is important to determine the legal status of such individuals. The meaning of the term "foreign citizen" in a broad and narrow sense was clarified within the framework of the researched issue. The categories "foreigner" and "non-citizen" were distinguished in order to clarify the international legal regulation of non-citizens' rights. The expediency of distinguishing the category of "non-citizens" in case when there is a generalization and we are talking about foreigners and stateless persons (the concept of "foreigner" in its broadest sense) is proved in the article. There is no normative definition of "non-citizen" in international law. This fact extremely negatively effects on their international status. Together with the general characteristics of the legal status of foreign citizens in international law, attention is paid to the system of sources that enshrine the legal status of foreign citizens. A national level is singled out. It is national (domestic) legislation concerning foreign citizens. At the national level, we can talk about the separation of regulations of a general nature. These are laws directly aimed at regulating foreigners’ legal status, as well as special acts governing a particular area of public relations (foreigners’ rights and responsibilities in a particular industry). There is also an international level to which treaties relate, which, in particular, enshrine universal standards that each state that has acceded to such an agreement is obliged to apply to all foreigners residing in its territory. There is a difference between the rights of foreign citizens and citizens of the country of residence, which relates mainly to political rights.