Проблеми криміналістичної тактики проведення оглядів і обшуків та шляхи їх подолання

Abstract

У статті проаналізовано проблеми криміналістичної тактики проведення оглядів та обшуків і запропоновано шляхи їх подолання. Встановлено, що серед слідчих розшукових дій особливе місце посідає обшук, який, з одного боку, є одним з найбільш ефективних та затребуваних у практиці слідчою дією, а з іншого − обмежує конституційні права та свободи осіб. Дослідивши проблеми криміналістичної тактики проведення оглядів та обшуків, розглянувши тактичний досвід проведення огляду та обшуку в європейських країнах, запропоновано зміни до законодавства стосовно вдосконалення правового регулювання оглядів та обшуків. The problems of forensic tactics of inspections and searches are analyzed and the ways to overcome them are suggested in the article. The article establishes that among special investigative actions a special place is occupied by a search, which, on the one hand, is one of the most effective and most popular investigative actions in practice, and on the other hand restricts individuals’ constitutional rights and freedoms. According to the Articles 223 and 237 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) of Ukraine, the review is an investigative action aimed at obtaining (collecting) evidence or verifying already obtained evidence in a particular criminal proceeding, which is conducted within the pre-trial investigation of criminal proceedings. The analysis of the current legislation made it possible to establish that the search is carried out on the basis of the decision of an investigating judge of the local general court (Part 2 of Article 30 of the Constitution of Ukraine and Part 2 of Article 244 of the CPC of Ukraine), if there is sufficient evidence that property, information is in a certain place or in a certain person. Also, in order to identify and record information about the circumstances of a criminal offense, an investigator, prosecutor conducts such an investigative action as an inspection of the area, premises, things and documents. The article notes that in practice there are problems with the legal regulation of inspection, search and personal search, and therefore it is necessary to improve the legislation governing this issue. In particular, to consolidate the definition of “search”, “personal search” and to define a clear list of grounds for application. After examining the problems of forensic tactics of inspections and searches, considering the tactical experience of conducting inspections and searches in European countries, changes to the legislation in order to improve the legal regulation of inspections and searches are proposed. In the conclusions it is offered to make changes in Part 1 Article 237 of the CPC of Ukraine, established the need to amend Part 1 of Article 234 of the CPC of Ukraine. We propose to amend Chapter 20 “Investigative (search) actions”, supplementing it with Article 234-1 “Personal search”.