Проблеми конституційно-правового регулювання недоторканності народних депутатів в Україні: шляхи їх вирішення з урахуванням європейського досвіду

Abstract

У статті розглянуто досвід деяких зарубіжних країн та США щодо питання конституційного закріплення недоторканності депутатів. Також проаналізовано закріплене в Конституції України та деяких законодавчих актах право народних депутатів на недоторканність. Визначено співвідношення вітчизняних обсягів недоторканності депутатів з обсягом недоторканності, яким володіють зарубіжні парламентарі. Висвітлено також сутність проблем, що виникають у ході реалізації народними депутатами України свого права на недоторканність, та запропоновано шляхи їх вирішення.

It is established that in the world there are several models of legal regulation of immunities. With the “hard” (absolute) model of guaranteeing personal integrity of a parliamentarian, they act not only during the sessions but also between them. Immunity can only be extended to the arrest of a parliamentarian and measures restricting his/her freedom. The second form of immunity is limited immunity, in which a parliamentarian is vested with parliamentary immunity only for a fixed term of the session or for the duration of his/her term of office. Among guarantees of personal inviolability, an indemnity is usually established. It is the inadmissibility of bringing a parliamentarian to responsibility for actions committed in the exercise of powers: statements, content of prepared documents, and the like. Indemnity usually acts not only during the entire term of office of a parliamentarian, but also in the future, and cannot be removed. Constitutional and legal support of parliamentary immunity and indemnity in Ukraine as a whole corresponds to the principles existing in foreign countries. However, the volume of deputy immunity in Ukraine in general is larger and has an almost absolute character. Currently there is the issue of deprivation of people's deputies of immunity in Ukraine. According to supporters of such an idea, parliamentary immunity is a guarantee of impunity of a people's deputy. However, most scientists are inclined to not completely but partially depriving deputies of immunity. According to the authors of the article, the issue is not the immunity of the deputies, but the ineffective use of their great powers and the lack of control by the voters over the activities of the deputies, the political responsibility of people's deputies. The reasons for this are general legal nihilism in the country, a low level of legality and the rule of law, an irresponsible attitude of the voters to the vote, closed party lists for elections, a low level of legal culture of people's deputies, etc. Depriving people’s deputies of immunity will not solve these problems, but given the state of law and order that currently exists in Ukraine, it can lead to reprisals against political opponents and a decrease in the political role of a parliament. The authors of the article propose to make amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine and the current legislation on the early deprivation of a people's deputy of Ukraine of a parliamentary mandate initiated by Ukrainian citizens for inadequate exercise of parliamentary powers, as well as limiting the rights of a arliamentarian to be elected to the legislative body for two consecutive terms.